In a world dominated by sprawling superpowers, it is easy to overlook the planet’s tiniest nations. But these small countries, some no bigger than a few city blocks, carry rich histories, unique political systems, and hidden surprises. Leading the list is Vatican City — the world’s smallest independent state by both area and population — and home to one of the most recognisable figures in global leadership: the Pope.
Vatican City: The Heart of the Catholic Church
Tucked within the heart of Rome, Vatican City measures just 44 hectares — smaller than some university campuses. It has fewer than 800 residents, most of whom are clergy or members of the Swiss Guard, the colourful corps sworn to protect the Pope.
The Vatican is not just a religious centre; it is a fully functioning sovereign state, complete with its own postal service, radio station, bank, and even an observatory. It issues its own passports, mints its own coins, and operates independently from Italy, despite being surrounded by it.
At the helm of this tiny nation stands the Pope — currently an office held during a time of transition following the death of Pope Francis. In Vatican City, the Pope is both the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church and the absolute monarch of the state. His powers are vast within Vatican walls: legislative, executive, and judicial authority all rest in his hands.
However, modern popes often delegate administrative duties to various Vatican departments known as dicasteries, maintaining a balance between spiritual leadership and governance.
Many are unaware that the Pope is also responsible for diplomatic relations. The Vatican maintains formal ties with more than 180 countries and holds observer status at the United Nations.
Interestingly, the Swiss Guard — established in 1506 — still serves as the Vatican’s military force, making it one of the oldest standing armies in the world.
Other Small Giants on the World Map
Monaco
Perched on the French Riviera, Monaco spans just over two square kilometres but boasts more millionaires per capita than anywhere else on Earth. Known for its glittering casinos and Formula 1 Grand Prix, the Principality is ruled by Prince Albert II.
Despite its reputation for luxury, Monaco has no income tax for individuals — a fact that draws wealthy residents from around the globe.
Nauru
At just 21 square kilometres, Nauru is the world’s smallest island country. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it once enjoyed great wealth thanks to phosphate mining.
Today, the island faces economic challenges, with no official capital city — an unusual quirk for any country.
Tuvalu
Made up of nine islands in the Pacific, Tuvalu covers just 26 square kilometres. With a population of around 11,000, it is one of the least visited countries in the world. Its main source of income comes not from tourism but from leasing its internet domain name, “.tv”, to television networks.
San Marino
Surrounded entirely by Italy, San Marino claims to be the world’s oldest republic, founded in 301 AD. It has two heads of state, called Captains Regent, who are elected every six months. Few realise that San Marino maintained neutrality even through both World Wars.
Liechtenstein
Wedged between Switzerland and Austria, Liechtenstein is a tiny alpine nation known for its strong banking sector. It is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world — meaning you have to cross at least two national borders to reach a coastline. The Prince of Liechtenstein still exercises significant political power, including the right to veto laws.
Tiny Nations, Big Stories
Though small in size, these countries play outsized roles in diplomacy, culture, and finance. From the Pope’s sweeping authority in the Vatican to Monaco’s glamour and Tuvalu’s digital ingenuity, the world’s smallest states offer reminders that influence isn’t measured in square kilometres.
As Vatican City prepares for the election of a new pope following Pope Francis’s death, all eyes once again turn to the world’s tiniest nation — proof that even the smallest places can shape global history.
